VATIS Update Waste Management . Jul-Aug 2008
IN THE NEWS
India takes steps to reduce POPs
Being a signatory to the Stockholm Convention, India is required to develop a National Implementation Plan (NIP) that demonstrates how the obligations of the convention will be fulfilled. Inaugurating the inception workshop for the development of the NIP, Ms. Meena Gupta, Secretary for the Ministry of Environment and Forests, expressed that while implementing the convention it would be necessary to take all measures to eliminate or reduce the release of The inception workshop was organized for the formal launch of the programme, which aims to sensitize the different stakeholders about the nation’s obligations to develop the NIP. Some premier institutions have joined in this endeavour: Hindustan Insecticides Ltd., New Delhi; Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore; National Environment Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur; National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Trivandrum; and Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi. |
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Philippine project to eliminate toxic industrial chemicals
In the Philippines, the government, industry and public interest groups have launched a project to safely eliminate spent yet toxic industrial chemicals found mainly in obsolete electrical transformers. According to the EcoWaste Coalition, the project will create a non-combustion facility for destroying the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) known as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), used in electrical transformers and capacitors, and in plastics, paint and carbonless copy paper.
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Sri Lanka’s joint venture for solid waste management
Sri Lanka’s Environment and Natural Resources Ministry has signed a
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Recycling machine proves a hit in China
China’s first drinking bottle recycling machine installed in Shanghai on a pedestrian street has processed more than 3,000 empty bottles in just one week. The machine, designed by a Beijing-based company, presently accepts only aluminium or plastic containers by reading their bar codes. It is expected to help reduce the number of waste collectors in the pedestrian street, while the scheme will help raise public awareness of environmental issues. The guide printed on the machine, which costs US$4,292, teaches people to put a container with a complete bar code through a feeding hole. If the container is identified, it will issue a coin through the redeeming slot. Source: www.chinadaily.com.cn |
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India cuts scrap import duties
The Indian government has abolished import duties on scrap metal in
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Malaysia in need of integrated waste management facilities
The lack of an integrated waste management facility in the state of Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, has led to high costs being incurred by industries in handling as well as transporting waste, especially scheduled waste such as waste oil, clinical waste and sludge. At present, industries in the state send such waste to the treatment facility in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan or Sarawak. The view that a waste disposal facility would not only help industries reduce cost but also address the problem of illegal dumping of these types of waste had emerged at a Environment, Safety and Health Dialogue held recently. Close to 100 participants from various industries had attended the one-day event, which aimed to bring the relevant government authorities together with consultants and decision makers of various industries to have a better understanding of each other’s role in the management and protection of the environment. It also served as an avenue for the participants to exchange information on current environmental issues and to raise suggestions. Source: www.dailyexpress.com.my |
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Recycling of hi-tech items in Japan
Waste hi-tech consumer products are being accepted in some countries by their manufacturers for proper disposal. In Japan, some major commercial centres have put up signs informing where and how one can dispose of old cellular phones and their batteries. A project of the Board of Investments, it is supported by all major mobile phone manufacturers – Alcatel, LG Electronics, Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericsson and Motorola – as well as network providers Globe, Smart and Sun and selected malls. The Japan International Co-operation Agency is providing technical assistance.
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Hong Kong to cut tax for waste and wastewater facilities
Hong Kong will soon introduce oneoff and accelerated tax cuts for environmentally friendly machinery and installations, reports the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HK SAR) government. A 100 per cent deduction under profits tax will be provided in the year of purchase for capital expenditure incurred on eligible machinery. The amendments will be made to the tax law upon the Legislative Council passing a Revenue Bill.
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PLASTIC WASTES
Recycling of polymer matrix composites
Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composites (PMCs) have high strength-to-weight ratios. However, PMCs’ high cost and concerns on their recyclability have prevented their widespread use. The Argonne National Laboratory in the United States has developed and tested a thermal treatment process that degrades the polymer substrate and recovers the carbon fibres from the composites with minimal impact on the properties of the carbon fibres. Economic analysis of the process indicates that it has a potential payback period of less than two years. A chemical treatment method that will enable the recovery of thermoplastic substrates in addition to the carbon fibres was also tested. The Argonne lab has designed, built and tested a continuous thermal reactor capable of processing 5 kg/h of PMC material. Work performed has demonstrated that the recovery of carbon fibres from PMC scrap is technically feasible and potentially economical.
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Crude oil from plastic
Polymer Energy LLC, the United States, offers the Polymer EnergyTM system to convert waste plastics into energy. The system uses catalytic pyrolysis to efficiently convert plastics (primarily polyolefins) into crude oil. This viable, economical and environmentally benign alternative to current methods of recycling and disposal of plastic waste can easily handle plastic that is contaminated with other kinds of waste, such as metals, glass, dirt, water, etc. It can tolerate up to 30 per cent of other waste in the input plastic waste stream.
• The system can easily process typical plastic waste such as used agricultural/mulch film, silage wrap and other soiled agricultural plastics, metallized plastics and laminates, printed plastics, wet plastic by-products and even heavily recycled plastics. Contact: Polymer Energy LLC, 4201 Woodland Road, P.O. Box 69, Circle Pines, MN 55014, United States of America. Tel: +1 (763) 2256 907; Fax: +1 (763) 2256 645; E-mail: info @polymerenergy.com.
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New post-consumer PET recycling concept
In Germany, researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV) have investigated the cleaning efficiency of a new recycling concept for postconsumer PET bottles. The flaketo- resin (FTR) recycling process produces PET pellets or preforms from conventionally recycled PET flakes. This superior clean recycling process, developed for conventional recycled post-consumer (PCR) PET flakes, allows up to 50 per cent into the pellet and preform production.
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Recycled plastic bricks are cheaper
A group from Spain, Lithuania and Latvia has reported that it is ready to launch a green solution for plastic waste management for the Europe market. Funded by the Eureka programme, the Sandplast project has developed technology that employs polymer waste and inert fillers for the production of concrete building materials.
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Bottle-to-bottle PET recycling
Nanjing Useon Extrusion Equipment Co. Ltd., China, offers a bottle-tobottle (BTB) system for producing clean chips from PET bottle flakes. The clean flakes obtained using the energy-efficient process can be employed for injection of preforms. Also, with the company’s efficient, quickdrying process clean flakes can be predried up to 2,000 ppm. No predrying units or crystallization units are required. Then, counter-rotating twin-screw extruders finish up the plasticization, with nearly zero drop in intrinsic viscosity (I.V.).
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Bottle-to-bottle PET recycling uses silicone modifier
A new low-cost approach restores the properties of recycled PET bottle flakes for use in the production of new food-grade preforms and pellets. The solution from Plastic Technologies and Products (PTP), the Netherlands, uses chemical modification with liquid silicone. Bruckmann & Kreyenborg Granuliertechnik has built PTP’s 9.98 million kg/ year demonstration plant in Prague. The continuous process starts with washing PET flakes. The flakes are then treated with the liquid silicone modifier and fed into a stirred mixing reactor, where it is heated to 140º-150ºC for about 90 min. In the reactor, the surface of the flakes softens, the modifier adheres and moisture is removed. Flakes then pass through metal detection and are fed into a twin-screw extruder with high-vacuum degassing. The heat in the reactor and extruder, and the vacuum degassing removes any remaining volatiles and unreacted silicone. The melt is filtered through 58 micron screens and goes into a crystallizing pelletizer, which uses residual heat in the material for pellet crystallization. The finished product has 0.15 per cent silicone.
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ELECTRONIC WASTES
Cable recycling process patented
Power of the Dream Ventures (PDV), one of Hungary’s premier technology acquisition companies, has filed a Hungarian patent application for a process designed to easily recycle PVC-shielded electrical cables. According to PDV, the recycling process, developed by a chemist Mr. Imre Kalmar-Nagy, involves soaking PVC cable in a non-toxic liquid for 15-30 minutes. This approach can be adopted for any cable scrap – from those used in computer wiring to large, multi-thread cables. Once soaked, the PVC becomes pliable and allows for the removal of conducting wire.
Source: www.recyclinginternational.com |
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RFID facilitates recycling and helps reduce e-waste
New applications for radio frequency identification (RFID) – a widely employed method of storing and remotely retrieving data – promise to streamline recycling and even help reduce e-waste. AIM Global, the worldwide industry association and advocate for automatic identification and mobility technologies, has developed a system that identifies a recycling bin by its household and tags its embedded RFID chip. Each
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Recycling waste battery
Researchers from the Republic of Korea have developed a method for recycling waste lead-acid battery. Baretec Company has filed a patent application for the process. The recycling method essentially comprises the following steps: • Partially extracting the acidic solution from the waste battery; • Mixing distilled water, lead powder and carbon powder with the solution; Contact: Baretec Co. Ltd., #204, Landpia Offictel, 1202-2 Chipyungdong, Seo-gu, Gwangju 502 827, Republic of Korea.
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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Wash-water treatment systems
Water Maze, a major manufacturer of industrial wastewater treatment systems in the United States, has introduced the CLPB series washwater treatment systems that integrate mechanical filtration with bioremediation. CLPB Series removes the need for chlorination to sanitize waste streams. The integrated processes work together to treat emulsified oils and suspended solids in industrial wastewater.
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Natural way to clean wastewater
Eco Machines and Restorers developed by Mr. John Todd in the United States mimic natural ways to purify wastewater. These systems are in use for a wide range of municipal and industrial applications. One of the first Eco Machines was installed next to the wastewater treatment plant in Providence Rhode Island. There, for five years, Mr. Todd proved that natural systems can “successfully remove nutrients, toxic chemicals and heavy metals from city’s sewage”. The Eco Machines can perform tertiary treatment at a lower cost than conventional technologies without the use of toxic chemicals that harm the environment. Furthermore, flowers and fish can be grown not only for aesthetic purposes but to offset the costs of running wastewater treatment facilities.
The Restorer systems are for ponds, streams and canals. Restorers are“floating structures that provide the foundation and substrate to support a diversity of life forms that constitute an aquatic community that is ecologically engineered to be complex and balanced”. A fine bubble aeration system circulates water through plant roots enmeshed in fabric. The roots of the plants form a living media. Aeration accelerates the ability of those ecosystems to clean polluted waters. Restorer also has municipal applications.
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Wastewater treatment process
Bayer Technology Services GmbH (BTS) offers its latest wastewater treatment solution, the LOPROX® This low-pressure, wet oxidation process is used for the pre-treatment of heavily polluted effluent for biological clarification. Israel’s leading manufacturer and exporter of crop protection products, Makhteshim Chemical Works Ltd., commissioned BTS to build what is so far the largest ever LOPROX-based wastewater treatment plant. The effectiveness of the Bayer technology for the treatment of substances that are difficult to biodegrade and BTS’ technical expertise were the key factors that led the Israeli company to place its order. With the help of BTS wastewater treatment process, Makhteshim will be in a position to meet the stricter wastewater thresholds due to come into force in Israel in 2010. Contact: Bayer Technology Services GmbH, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany. E-mail: info@bayer technology.com.
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Low-energy path to wastewater treatment
The Brightwater HSAF process from Brightwater Engineering, the United Kingdom, is designed to enable BOD and/or ammonia reduction, depending on its configuration within the overall wastewater plant treatment processes. This low-energy technology approach to water treatment helps cut down on greenhouse gas emissions in the water sector.
The cleaning cycle begins with the air scour phase that passes more air through the media, creating turbulence and gently fluidizing it for around 10 min at intervals of two to The Brightwater HSAF technology is well proven, with more than 40 units installed in both municipal and non-municipal applications such as landfills. Contact: Brightwater Engineering, Brightwater House, Avenue One, Letchworth SG6 2HB, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 (1462) 485005; Fax: +44 (1462) 485003; E-mail: enquiries@brightwaterfli.com.
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Magnetic separator for wastewater treatment
Uneqileen – a subsidiary of Israel’s Global Environmental Solutions – has registered a patent for a unique process that employs a magnetic separator for treating hard industrial wastewater. The patent claims swift and effective treatment to strictest standards at a low cost. The process can treat industrial wastewater that contains high concentrations of organic substances, detergents, phenols, chlorinated hydrocarbon, heavy metals, etc. In the first stage of the treatment, sludge is created by adding coagulants, and flocculants that include magnetic particles. The suspended substances, heavy metals and some colloids are removed by sedimentation. At the end of this stage, the sludge is separated from the liquid by the magnetic particles. The process is claimed to be very fast and efficient, providing a compact, hydrophobic sludge.
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Oxidation process for decontaminating wastewater
Scientists led by Dr. Jose Ignacio Lombrana at the University of the Basque Country’s Faculty of Science & Technology are investigating a chemical treatment method capable of eliminating contaminants from industrial wastewater. The goal of Dr. Lombrana’s team is to find new technologies to eliminate contaminants dumped in water by means of a process known as advanced oxidation, which involves oxidizing the chemical compounds, as if they were being burnt in the water itself.
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Azo dye removal using ultrasound
Brightly coloured dyes such as the shimmering Congo Red commonly used in silk clothing manufacture are notoriously difficult to dispose of in an environmentally benign way. Such azo dyes are toxic to many organisms and are suspected carcinogens and mutagens. Two researchers from Hyderabad, India, have explored a novel ultrasound approach for degrading Congo Red textile dye.
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BIOREMEDIATION
New technique of solar bioremediation
Researchers at the UAE University, United Arab Emirates, and Dalhousie University, Canada, have jointly reported a novel solar bioremediation technique. A strain of thermophilic bacteria recently isolated from the environment of the United Arab Emirates showed extraordinary resistance to heat, with a maximum growth rate at around 80ºC. Also, they were found to be very efficient in remediating petroleum contaminants in the presence of saline water (simulated sea water). The potential of using these facultative bacteria in a bioreactor in conjunction with solar irradiation was investigated by the researchers.
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Biological clean-up of oil spills
Marine bacteria are the raw material for a product that is being applied in Cuba since 1992 to clean up oil spills at sea, in freshwater and in soils. Bioil-FC has proven effective in changing the toxic compounds in hydrocarbons into biodegradable substances, up to complete conversion into water and carbon dioxide. This bio-product is inexpensive and its applications have shown high rates of effectiveness within brief periods. Mr. Roberto Nunez, director of CEBIMAR, a marine biological research centre, states: “We have achieved more than 90 per cent remediation with a maximum of 30 days of application.” In contrast, expert sources from various countries consider 55 per cent in 3-4 months as a satisfactory biological clean-up for spills of petroleum and its derivatives. The Oceanology Institute of Cuba began 10 years ago to collect more than 400 strains of marine bacteria. Of that total, 70 per cent are capable of degrading petroleum and five of them are very effective. Bioil-FC, formed from those five strains, was tested in the treatment of a 500 t crude oil spill in Cuba. According to Mr. Nunez, “the ecosystem recovered completely” some 30 days after the application of 100,000 l of Bioil-FC. The bay was left clean, as was Los Piños beach, a popular area for swimming. Bioremediation is normally employed as a secondary treatment after mechanical collection of oil waste. That first phase can mean the recovery of up to 60 per cent of the spilt hydrocarbon. A “trial by fire” for CEBIMAR was the 2002 treatment of a 200 tonnes petroleum spill on a beach and mangrove marsh of Ensenada de Arroyo Blanco, in the eastern Cuban province of Holguin. The petroleum had impregnated the marshland and had a 70 per cent sedimentation rate, affecting 6 ha of mangrove forest and 4 km of beach. “Never before had we used micro-organisms without first having used equipment to collect the bulk of the spill. That was the first time in Cuba, and we began to see results within 48 hours”, says Mr. Nunez. The only limiting factor of Bioil-FC is that it acts only at temperatures above 5ºC and maximum effectiveness is achieved from 25ºC to 35ºC. At lower temperatures, it works, but slower. Source: www.truthforce.info |
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Natural way is best to clean toxic waste
At the Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), Australia, scientists have shown that the microbes naturally present in soils can usually be relied upon to break down toxic substances – left behind by hydrocarbons from old fuel dumps, leaky service stations or refineries – which pollute groundwater. Research work at two contaminated sites by Prof. Megh Mallavarapu of CRC CARE has demonstrated that natural breakdown, of contaminants may be the most cheap and most efficient method to remove lingering traces of pollution, and stop carcinogenic substances getting into water supplies.
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Algae tapped to clean oil sands
Researchers in Canada hope algae offers them “la grande solution” to greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental havoc caused by oil extraction in the Alberta tar sands. The project called carbon algae recycling system (CARS) is backed by a consortium of researchers. The researchers believe they can grow microalgae to take carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the atmosphere, clean toxins as well as make valuable products. The idea is to grow algae next to a CO2 source, like a power plant. A number of algae start-ups plan to or are already doing exactly that to “feed” their algae the CO2 they need to grow. Algae can then be used for toxic clean-up. The algae will be grown in toxic tailing ponds that have attracted much scrutiny in the oil sands. The algae love some heavy metals, nitrogen, and residual hydrocarbons. If the approach could be made to work – including the required management of algae growth, handling and harvesting – the algae could be used to produce biofuels and a number of other products as they suck up CO2 and clean up other chemicals.While algae do have a lot of promise as a valuable fuel crop, it still remains experimental.
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Bioremediation for effluent treatment
Prof. K.M. Elizabeth of the Gitam University, India, has developed a bioremediation process for ammonia removal from industrial effluents. The patented method will be of use in the steel industry in particular. According to a press release by the university, Prof. Elizabeth from the Department of Microbiology discovered a strain of bacterium that can remove ammonia from industrial effluents and synthetic solutions. The bacterium can remove 100 per cent ammonia within 24 h, according to Nessler’s method, and 75 per cent according to the Russian method of Nesselerization. It also has the potential to remove nickel. |
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Eco-friendly technology for waste conversion
In India, the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) has developed an eco-friendly technology for converting waste explosives into chemical fertilizers. The technology can also be applied for the rejuvenation of soil contaminated with explosives. HEMRL joint director Dr. R. K. Pandey explains, “We converted the combustible cartridges cases containing nitrocellulose explosives into a chemical fertilizer. We have tested the fertilizer successfully on wheat plant.”
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Bioremediation of sulphur-containing pollutants
Global BioSciences Inc., the United States, has patented a method and apparatus for remediating sulphurcontaining pollutants with a hydrocarbon that is used to stimulate the growth of such bacteria that utilizes hydrocarbon as a substrate. These bacteria can remediate the sulphurcontaining pollutant by, for instance, reducing sulphite and sulphate to sulphide under anaerobic conditions, and then oxidizing the sulphide to elemental sulphur under aerobic conditions. The hydrocarbon is preferably an alkane such as butane.The pollutant that contains sulphur may comprise sulphate, sulphite, sulphide, disulphides, mercaptans, alkane sulphonates, thio-group sulphur compounds, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphonic esters, dialkyl sulphides and disulphides, and any other sulphur-containing material that is considered to be a contaminant or pollutant.
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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Recycling manure gases into fertilizer
In the United States, air quality and energy researchers from the Ohio State University and the University of Minnesota have received a National Research Initiative grant from the Department of Agriculture to study the feasibility of capturing and recycling ammonia emissions from poultry and swine manure using a new type of wet scrubber technology and then applying the fertilizer on the farm.
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Patented scrubber ready for testing
EnviroResolutions Inc., has announced that the third-generation EnvicleanTM scrubber is now installed and ready for testing. Experts have altered the design of the scrubber to significantly reduce maintenance requirements and increase performance. The company anticipates that testing will be completed within the next 2-3 months.
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NOx reduction in gas turbine engines
In the United States, Technor Inc. offers an effective means for ensuring Clean Air Act nitrogen oxides (NOx) limitations offshore within the next few years. This project is the continuation of a previous contract for the development of a patented process to reduce NOx emanating from engines that operate on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The technology, RAPRENOx, has been proven effective and commercially marketable when used with diesel engines. Under the previous contract, Technor demonstrated that the RAPRENOx process can be applied to small-scale gas turbine exhausts. The objective of this project is to prove the technology on large gas turbines, such as those found on production platforms on the OCS. The project was originally proposed to test the technology on a 3,000 hp gas turbine.
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Monitoring and control system that tracks CO2 emissions
In the United States, eps Corp has announced the release of xChange Point, a powerful monitoring and control system that allows companies to track their energy usage and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, at the product level, plant level and corporate level. xChange Point is the premier hardware and software carbon and energy monitoring solution designed to integrate system-wide information in real time, providing executive and operational management with the data to track and adjust energy consumption and carbon emissions. It provides an eagleeye view of a facility’s systems and sub-systems and provides decision makers the ability to have near realtime information to make critical decisions on a micro- and macrolevel, like never before. xChange Point helps companies calculate their energy usage and carbon output at the product level. xChange Point is revolutionary in that it provides the real-time picture of energy consumption and the related CO2 output at the point-of-use level. As a result, executives have the information they need to inform their customers and shareholders of the specific reductions their companies are making in energy use and carbon emissions on a product, facility or even company, in both sustainable and financial terms. The product is currently in beta testing at more than a dozen facilities in California, and will be available on a larger scale soon. xChange Point is sold on a subscription basis and has modular plug-and-play components that provide remote, real-time data for informed decision making. eps Corp created xChange Point to provide industry, manufacturing and commercial companies with a system to green both their top and bottom lines. Source: www.pollutiononline.com |
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Coal mine turns greenhouse gas into green energy
According to Mr. Richard Mattus, Business Manager for the ventilation air methane (VAM) project at Megtec, “Coal mines are one of the largest single emitters of methane gas.” Among the greenhouse gases, methane (CH4) is second only to carbon dioxide (CO2) in global impact. Mr. Mattus states that CH4 is over 20 times more potent at warming the atmosphere than CO2. Moreover, while coal mine ventilation air CH4 is, for mine safety reasons, diluted to concentrations of less than 1 per cent, enormous volumes are being emitted – and it is even harder to design technically and economically viable systems to dispose of this greenhouse gas. The company, however, has developed a patented combination of emission control and steam cycle technologies, the Vocsidizer, that delivers on both counts. The Vocsidizer turns VAM into highgrade, superheated steam that operates a 6 MW conventional steam turbine. The electricity generated by the plant is fed into the local area power grid. Valuable credits can be earned with Megtec’s exclusive VAM technology by VAM abatement. Converting VAM to thermal energy, or into electrical power, as with West- VAMP, can generate direct income and/or savings in addition. Contact: Ms. Mary Van Vonderen, Megtec Systems, 830 Prosper Road, De Pere, Wisconsin, WI 54115, United States of America. Tel: +1 (920) 3365 715; Fax: +1 (920) 3392 793.
Source: www.pollutiononline.com |
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Breakthrough in the fight to cut greenhouse gases
Scientists at Newcastle University, the United Kingdom, have developed a breakthrough technology to cut greenhouse gases. The scientists, led by Prof. Michael North from the School of Chemistry, have developed a highly energy-efficient method to convert waste carbon dioxide (CO2) into chemical compounds known as cyclic carbonates. The team estimates that the technology has the potential to convert up to 48 million tonnes of CO2 per year, reducing the nation’s emissions by about 4 per cent.
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Simple process for NOx SCR systems
The NOxOUT ULTRA® process, from Fuel Tech in the United States, is a patented approach that converts safe urea reagent to ammonia for use on new selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems and in retrofit applications for existing systems. NOxOUT ULTRA technology offers a cost-effective solution for simplifying on-site ammonia generation for SCR applications of all types. Urea products are non-hazardous sources of ammonia. Therefore, their transport, storage and use are much simpler.
• Specialized urea is not required; • Minimal potential for corrosion compared with hydrolytic processes; • Process controls designed to follow load with minimal time lag and facilitate fast system shutdown; and • Dry urea storage and handling system option to minimize operating costs.
The NOxOUT ULTRA system has all the benefits of ammonia supply for SCR without the cost, safety and environmental concerns associated with ammonia handling. Moreover, it is designed to simplify operation and periodic maintenance.
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Process for NOx control in flue gases
Sanitech Inc., the United States, has patented a process for reducing the levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) present in flue gases from stationary sources. The process consists of mixing ammonia or methane with the flue gas and then passing the mixtures through a bed of expanded vermiculite, the latter serving as a catalyst for reactions between the NOx and ammonia or methane.
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PUBLICATIONS
Clean-up of Chemical and Explosive Munitions
This book provides detailed instructions for cleaning up military ordnance sites. The book explains what, how and where to look for munitions and their residual contamination. Its many valuable resources include lists of explosives, chemical warfare materials, and breakdown products that the soil and groundwater must be tested for; descriptions of remote sensing and geophysical techniques; a chemical weapons, explosives, and ordnance primer; and safety issues.
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Disinfection of Wastewater Effluent: Comparison of Alternative Technologies
This report presents the pros and cons and costs of the various technical options for wastewater disinfection. It contains a review of the existing literature, a survey of disinfection practice by major POTWs, and surveys of facilities with UV and ozone systems. The known advantages and disadvantages of the mature technologies (chlorine, UV and ozone), other technologies and combinations of disinfection alternatives are summarized. The report synthesizes this information and presents a coherent method for selecting a disinfection technology, based on individual priorities and criteria. It also identifies data gaps that would benefit from additional research. |
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